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THE PITFALLS OF DELAYED OUTCRY TESTIMONY

Oct 18 2008
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Hearsay Statements of Child Abuse Victims and Delayed Outcry

By Houston Criminal Defense Attorney John Floyd and Paralegal Billy Sinclair

“Hearsay” is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at a trial or hearing, offered into evidence to prove the truth of some matter being asserted. See: Tex. R. of Evid. 801. In English, hearsay is testimony about what somebody heard from somebody else. Hearsay testimony is generally inadmissible in a criminal trial. See: Tex. R. of Evid. 802. However, Article 38.072 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides an exception to the hearsay rule by allowing hearsay testimony in the prosecution of an offense committed against children twelve years of age and younger.
§ 38.072 is known as the “child outcry statute.” The statute applies only to statements made (1) by the child against whom the offense was allegedly committed and (2) to the first person to whom the child makes a statement about the offense providing that person is eighteen years of age or older. See: Sims v. State, 12 S.W.3d 499, 500 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1999, pet. ref’d).

The appeals court in Brown v. State, 189 S.W.3d 382 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2006) addressed the “outcry” issue at some length. The case involved a 10-year-old child victim who was sexually assaulted by a friend of her father. The child reported the sexual abuse to her father. The victim was subsequently interviewed, at the behest of investigating officers, by a counselor with the Child Advocacy Center. The victim told the counselor that the first two people she told about the sexual assaults were her father and the girlfriend of the defendant. She also said that she later told her brother, aunt, and uncle. Id., at 384. At trial she prosecution called the counselor as an “outcry” witness to testify and introduced a videotape of the counselor interview with the child victim during the counselor testimony. Id., at 385.

On appeal defendant argued that by allowing the counselor to testify and permitting the introduction of the videotape, the trial court had violated the “outcry” provisions of § 37.072. The appeals court agreed. It pointed out that the victim had made outcries to her father and the defendant’s girlfriend before speaking to the counselor. The State argued that the counselor was the proper outcry witness because the victim gave her a more detailed statement about the sexual abuse than she had the other two persons. The court rejected that argument, saying:
“ …We have previously held the proper outcry witness is not to be determined by comparing the statements the child gave to different individuals and then deciding which person received the most detailed statement about the offense. Rather, as discussed above, Article 38.072 contemplates allowing the first person to whom the child described the offense in some discernible manner to testify about the statements the child made.” Id.

The Brown court endorsed a principle expressed a year earlier by the appeals court in Hanson v. State, 180 S.W.3d 726 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, no pet.) that “the proper outcry witness is the adult to whom the complainant first tells ‘how, when, and where’ he was assaulted.” Brown, supra, at 385. The Brown court added:

”Admissible outcry witness testimony is not person-specific, but event-specific. In cases where a child has been victim to more than one instance of sexual assault, it is possible to have more than one proper outcry witness. However, before more than one outcry witness may testify, it must be determined the outcry concerned different events and was not simply a repetition of the same event told to different individuals.” Id.

In Brown, the child victim’s statements to her father, the defendant’s girlfriend, and the counselor involved the same conduct: that the defendant had forced the victim to perform oral sex on him. Id., at 387. The counselor, therefore, was not a proper “outcry” witness. Id. This trial error, however, does not always warrant reversal of a conviction. See: Elder v. State, 132 S.W.3d 20 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2004) [trial court designating case manager as outcry witness was error but the error was harmless because the same evidence was admitted through other witnesses without objection]; West v. State, 121 S.W.3d 95 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2003) [trial court erred by allowing child victim’s mother to testify concerning victim’s outcry statement after the State had designated the father as its outcry witness but error was harmless because of victim’s detailed, fact-specific testimony about the assault].

Before the allowing outcry testimony, the trial court must conduct a hearing outside the presence of the jury to determine “that the statement [made by the victim] is reliable based on the time, content, and circumstances of the statement.” See: Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 38.072 § 2(b)(1)(C). The phrase “time, content, and circumstances” means the time the child made the statement to the outcry witness, the content of the statement, and the circumstances surrounding the making of the statement. See: Broderick v. State, 89 S.W.3d 696, 698 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d]. Reliability is based on the circumstances surrounding the making of the statement, not the circumstances of the abuse. Id., at 699. The trial court has wide latitude in this decision-making process, and its determination that an outcry statement is reliable under § 38.072 is reviewed on appeal for an abuse of discretion. Id.

Like most trial court decisions, § 38.072 reliability determinations are given great deference on appeal. For example, the court of appeals in an aggravated sexual assault case upheld a decision by the trial court to allow a child protective services investigator to testify as an outcry witness. See: Carty v. State, 178 S.W.3d 297 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005). The appeals court considered the following three factors in reaching its decision: (1) she was the first adult to whom an outcry statement was made who could remember the victim’s statement and relate it at trial as the mother refused to admit that the victim made an outcry statement to her; (2) the outcry statement the victim made to the outcry witness was not merely a general allusion, but, rather, it was detailed and in a discernable manner described the alleged offense; and (3) the evidence supported the trial court’s finding that the outcry statement was reliable because the outcry witness testified that the victim described the assaults to the outcry witness in detail and in her own words, using immature language; the outcry witness asked the victim open-ended, not leading, questions regarding the assault; and the outcry witness’s testimony was consistent with the victim’s testimony. Id., at 305-06.

The Carty court relied upon a Court of Criminal Appeals decision in Garcia v. State, 792 S.W.2d 88, 91 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990) which held that when a child makes only a “general allusion” to the sexual abuse to the first person but then gives a more detailed account to a second person, the second person is the proper outcry witness. See, Carty, supra, at 305. The Carty court pointed to the interpretation by the Court in Garcia that “the ‘first person’ and ‘statement about the offense’ language in article 38.072 to mean that the outcry witness must be the first person, 18 years old or older, to whom the child made a statement that in some discernible manner described the alleged offense. Despite the fact that the child first told her teacher about her step-father’s abuse, the Court held that the trial court properly designated another person as the outcry witness because that person was the ‘first person’ to whom the child actually described the offense in a discernible manner.” See: Carty, supra, at 306.

While § 38.072 requires the prosecution to provide a two-week notice of its intent to use “outcry” testimony and the trial court is mandated to conduct a reliability hearing, the appeals court in Garcia v. State, 2004 Tex.App. LEXIS 4341 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2004) pointed out why defense counsel should not only object to any proposed outcry testimony but request a reliability hearing as well. The Garcia court instructs:

“Although appellant objected to Officer Moore’s testimony on the basis of article 38.072, once the state responded that Moore was the proper outcry witness because she was the first person to whom L.C. gave any details, appellant did not request a hearing or make an offer of proof to determine what L.C. specifically told his parents prior to speaking to Officer Moore. Without such evidence, it is not possible to say that anyone other than Officer Moore was the proper outcry witness. See: Garcia v. [State], 792 S.W.2d 88, 92 (Tex.Crim.Appeals 1990)] (appellate court could not find abuse of discretion when the record was void of any details of the statements made to the alleged first outcry witness); Rodriguez v. State, 997 S.W.2d 640, 642 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1999, no pet.) (school counselor never specified what victim told her, so no abuse of discretion when trial court designated different person outcry witness); Hayden v. State, 928 S.W.2d 229, 231 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, pet. ref’d) (no abuse of discretion because no evidence that child gave counselor details of offense). Officer Moore’s testimony came in before L.C.’s parents testified. We do not know what L.C. told either his father or his mother because the statements were excluded as hearsay. We hold, therefore, that based upon the evidence before us, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it allowed Officer Moore to testify as the outcry witness.” Id., LEXIS at 24-25.

Finally, defense counsel should be prepared to challenge a “delayed outcry” statement. A delayed outcry statement is one made by a person who was a victim of one of the § 38.072 enumerated offenses when she/he was twelve years of age or younger but who did not “outcry” until after she/he was over the age of twelve. For example, a 16-year-old girl tells her mother that she was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 10 years of age. The 16-year-old daughter/victim describes the sexual abuse in detail to her mother who, of course, is an adult 18 years of age or older. Two significant questions arise in this kind of situation. Can the mother be designated an “outcry” witness under § 38.072? And, is the 16-year-old girl a “child” within the meaning of § 38.072?

§ 38.072, Sec. 2(a)(1) specifically provides that the article “applies only to statements that describe the alleged offense that were made by the child against whom the offense was allegedly committed.” Article 51.02(2)(A) of the Texas Family Code (2007) defines a “child” as a person who is “ten years of age or older and under 17 years of age.” Article 22.04(c)(1) of the Texas Penal Code [Injury to a Child] defines a “child” as a person 14 years of age or younger.” Article 22.021(a)(2)(B) of the Texas Penal Code [Aggravated Sexual Assault] also defines a “child” as a person 14 years of age or younger. Article 22.011 of the Penal Code [Sexual Assault] defines child as a person younger than 17 who is not the spouse of the actor.

District Attorney’s Offices across the State of Texas routinely notice s intent to use “delayed outcry” statements under § 38.072 when the child is over 13 years old at time of trial. Defense counsel should begin to object to this testimony based on the reasonable legal premise that § 38.072 was enacted to cover only outcry statements made by a child while still 12 years old or younger at time of trial. Support for this premise can be found in the numerous factors the trial court may utilize in making its reliability determination under art. 38.072, § 2(b)(2). See: Davidson v. State, 80 S.W.3d 132, 135 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d). These factors were listed in Davidson as follows:

Whether the victim testifies at the trial and admits making the out-of-court statements;
Whether the child is of a level of maturity to understand the need to tell the truth and have the ability to observe, recollect, and narrate;
Whether the child’s out-of-court statement is corroborated by other evidence;
Whether the child’s out-of-court statement was spontaneously made in the child’s own terminology and rises to the needed level of certainty;
Whether the statement is consistent;
Whether the statement describes an event that a child of his or her age could not be expected to fabricate;
Whether there is abnormal behavior by the child after the contact;
Whether there is a motive for the child to fabricate the out-of-court statement;
Whether the statement is against the interest of the child, e.g., the child expects punishment because of reporting the conduct; and
Whether there was an opportunity under the evidence for the alleged act to have been committed by the defendant.

See also: Buckley v. State, 758 S.W.2d 339, 343 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1988) aff’d, 786 S.W.2d 357 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990). See also: Naranjo v. State, 2004 Tex.App. LEXIS 2189 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2004)

Clearly, these factors are directed at determining whether the outcry statement made by a “child” is reliable; and they lend credence to the premise that the Legislature intended “outcry statements” to apply only to children twelve years of age or younger because of the inherent difficulty these children often experience testifying about sexual abuse. The “outcry” testimony by an adult is useful in bolstering the credibility of the child victim/witness.

But there is no need to have an “outcry” statement by an adult to support a person thirteen years of age or older testifying about sexual abuse she/he endured when they were a child twelve years of age or younger. This teenaged – or even adult – victim is quite capable of providing fact-specific details to a jury about the alleged abuse. Furthermore, there is no need for “outcry” statement support because under Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07 the victim’s testimony alone is sufficient to support a conviction. See: Sauceda v. State, 2005 Tex.App. LEXIS 6001 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi July 28, 2005).

Outcry testimony is difficult for a criminal defense attorney to confront. More often than not, this testimony is provided by a child protective services counselor who has interviewed the child victim on numerous occasions about the alleged sexual abuse. CPS workers are seasoned sexual assault witnesses who usually come to trial with their own agenda. They know exactly how, and what, to say to the jury to tilt the scale of guilt against the defendant. Many have a long history of being “coached” by prosecutors and law enforcement personnel about how to testify “against” the defendant. Their primary objective, therefore, is to bolster the credibility of the alleged child sexual assault victim who may not be either emotionally or intellectually equipped to give detailed, fact-specific testimony before a jury.

While that testimony unquestionably has some legitimate basis under § 38.072, it does not necessarily follow that such outcry testimony is permissible in cases where the victim was sexually abused when she/he was twelve years of age or younger but who did not outcry until she/he was thirteen years of age or older. It is especially objectionable when the complaining witness is an adult and the outcry statement, which would be years old, is only used to bolster credibility. The cards are stacked enough against a person charged with a crime such with such a social stigma as child sexual assault, hearsay evidence under § 38.072 should only be allowed when a child 13 or younger is a witness at trial.

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    One of the few honest lawyers I have ever talked to. His complimentary consultation was knowledgeable and thorough. He knew exactly what the issue was and how to handle it. His candid … More appraisal of the situation and how to proceed saved me thousands of dollars in legal fees. If you have a case requiring expertise in John's area of practice, look no further. Hire this man!
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    I had the opportunity to read an article that Mr. Floyd wrote and it was very interesting. I called him about the article and advice concerning a similar situation. He not only gave … More me excellent advice, he pointed out not just what I wanted to hear but what I needed to hear concerning my situation. The Good, The Bad and The ugly in a manner or speaking. He spoke with an open and honest heart with information to help me and not just to get a client.
  • Avatar Jackie Cohen ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    If you are in trouble and need a lawyer, contact the John T. Floyd law firm. Some of the best lawyers in Texas work there! Understanding and helpful lawyers and staff that will do all … More they can to help you 😊
  • Avatar It’s Me ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    He gave me one of the most honest answers I have received in a very long time about any issue I was having with anything. Legal or not legal. I highly recommend giving him a call and … More will be referring him to friends and family if they have any issues in the future.Positive
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  • Avatar I’m Home ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    He took time out of his day to answer my legal questions and didn’t even charge me. I would definitely recommend him to you.
  • Avatar Tad Nieschwietz ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    Gave free consultation on getting gun rights back. He truly cares about gun rights and getting you the help you deserve. 100% worth a callPositive
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  • Avatar Maher Abbara ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    Very professional, great quality work, and very friendly and helpful. Overall, their service is phenomenal. I recommend Mr. Floyd to anyone.
  • Avatar Thomas McLaughlin ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    Mr. Floyd took the time to explain his experience with the law to me in layman's terms. Definitely give him a call.Positive
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  • Avatar Zarrie Adkins ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    He was honest , knowledgeable , and professional about what we talked about. Most lawyers are just about the money , but not john.Positive
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  • Avatar Keisha Gaches ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    He was very truthful and honest with us very great man I would recommend him and we would use him again
  • Avatar Samyra Carrasquillo ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    Very professional honest and works hard currently working my husband’s appeal I pray he does his best workPositive
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  • Avatar Raul Perez ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    I contacted John T. Floyd Law firm and I was very satisfied with service extremely helpful and friendly thank you Mr. FloydPositive
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  • Avatar Johnny Johnson Jr ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    This law frim was informative,great response time ,and the attorney called back not some secretary or legal assistant thank u guys for all your help wish it was more like youPositive … More
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  • Avatar Dana Adkison ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    I would highly recommend Mr Floyd. He was very helpful and knowledge with a legal question I had.Positive
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  • Avatar Crecencio Fabian ★★★★★ 3 years ago
    He explained my case better then any other lawyerPositive
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  • Avatar Barry Lewis ★★★★ 3 years ago
    Very informative
  • Avatar Ismael Flores ★★★★★ 3 years ago
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  • Avatar Neil Productions ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Had the pleasure speaking with John Floyd on a personal matter, he was very responsive, nothing but exceptional, and he really cares about you with sincerity and most importantly knows … More what is he talking about! No games or bs, his approach to my situation even though I knew it was probably way smaller then what he normally takes on, he was extremely helpful and didn't care about the size of the matter like other attorneys do. He really looked out for my best interests. You can tell he has decades of experience doing what he does just by chatting with him. I would highly recommend him.
  • Avatar S A ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Words can’t describe how grateful I am for working with John, he went above and beyond my expectation. I was wrongly accused and hired many lawyers before hiring John Floyd but they … More all disappointed me, I had lost hope until a friend of mine referred me to John. From the start he had my best interest in mind and gave helpful advice, he explained the process and guided me. He put more work and time than all my previous lawyers that cost me thousands of dollars. He was constantly communicating with court and defended me more than all lawyer i had hired before him. Don’t waste your time and money like I did, believe me when I say I hired countless lawyers before him and no one came close to John. I’m forever thankful for him for fighting for my innocence and getting my case dismissed. Thank you so much🙏🏼🙏🏼
  • Avatar Gary Watch ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    I called Mr Floyd and left a message, with in the hour I received a call back with much more information then I could have ever expected. Mr Floyd was very informative on every question … More I had for him. He seemed like he cared, instead of like most attorneys that you talk to that are just out for a quick buck. If you want someone that is going to shoot strait with you, and has your best interest in hand, this is you guy. This was the best experience that I have ever had with an lawyer.
  • Avatar Saman Daftarian ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    I can state with confidence that Mr. Floyd and his team are the most competent and professional lawyers one can hope for. My case was quite complex and I admit that as a law student … More I was not the most patient client. Mr. Floyd did a phenomenal job of managing the bench, prosecution and myself! The result was above expectation, and I will never hesitate to recommend this firm regardless of the caliber of the case at issue.
  • Avatar calvin robinson ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    It was a pleasure working with Mr. Floyd. I contacted him regarding a legal matter and he was extremely knowledgeable about the law, and responded in a timely manner. I appreciated … More the fact I did not feel rushed, and he made sure he thoroughly answered all questions I had. I would highly recommend him!Positive
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  • Avatar Alan Howk ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Spoke with John Floyd about a 45 year old criminal case I was involved in. I had very little information about the case and John helped me search what records were available and gave … More me guidance to find more information. He was very professional and took his time helping me. I may need to hire a lawyer on this case and Mr. Floyd will be the man.Thanks John.
  • Avatar CMCustom Cycles ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Very professional and straight forward. He's not going to waste your time or money. Very knowledgeable in a large range of possible matters one could face living in these days … More and times. If ever you need legal assistance, this is who I would suggest. Awesome!Positive
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  • Avatar Greg Page ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    I called about some legal questions I needed to get clarified and John was able to give me clarification and sound advice. I will definitely contact John for all future legal questions … More and issues.Thank you John!Positive
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  • Avatar Kristen Rankin ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Knows his stuff and well respected with DA and judges. I have referred him a couple times and every client has been satisfied
  • Avatar Kedar Puranik ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    John is beyond knowledgeable! If I decide to pursue my case any further I would only have him represent me.
  • Avatar Joseph Sivadon ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    What a great attorney, this guy really took time out of his day to answer my questions and explain my case to me. Very grateful, thank you so muchPositive
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  • Avatar Lex Strider ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Absolutely a very professional lawyer. Very well read in the current law and more than willing to help if needed.
  • Avatar karim khalifa ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Mr. John he’s a professional he knows what he’s doing and he’s patient they recommend Him stronglyPositive
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  • Avatar James Haggard ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Great service, very knowledgable and happy to help with any questions I had
  • Avatar David Sustaita ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Quick to action and helpful and knowledgeable with entertainment industry based issues!
  • Avatar Chad Groves ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Responded on a holiday week. Very knowledgeable and reassuring.
  • Avatar Mark Fein ★★★★★ 4 years ago
    Very professional
  • Avatar Bthomason903 Bthomason903 ★★★★★ 4 years ago
  • Avatar Anton Jasser ★★★★★ 4 years ago
  • Avatar Alma Garza ★★★★★ 4 years ago
  • Avatar Victory 2020 ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    I want to thank John T. Floyd and all of his team. He is the best lawyer who cares aboutHis clients and fights really hard to get the best outcome. He is a fighter and he is awesome!!!I … More recommend if any one needs criminal defense , he is the BEST. We had a really serious caseAnd we are very thankful for the outcome. Thank you John!!!!! God bless you!!!!!!
  • Avatar Alma Garcia Cunningham ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    The attorneys at John T. Floyd Law Firm work diligently to achieve the best possible results for their clients. They are caring and knowledgeable professionals. Their expertise in the … More law and their experience as trial attorneys makes them the right choice as a defense attorney. I recommend this law firm highly.
  • Avatar Rajiv Patel ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    From beginning to end this firm handled my case like the top tier professionals they are. I would not trust ANYONE else with my legal needs after having less than stellar experiences … More with other teams. Thank you Floyd!!!
  • Avatar Jose Tapia ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    I really felt like the team cared about my case and am super satisfied with the outcome. Would not recommend anyone else!
  • Avatar Sagar Patel ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    These guys do amazing work and have phenomenal service! Hands down best in the Houston area!!
  • Avatar RAYNINN ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    John and Chris are true professionals! Love those guys like family!
  • Avatar Virginia Martin ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    Mr. Floyd and his team are very knowledgeable, informative, and helpful.
  • Avatar Darla Latham ★★★★★ 6 years ago
    A team you can depend on to stand up and fight for you to prove the truth the whole truth!
  • Avatar Veronica Elorza ★★★★★ 6 years ago
  • Avatar Karetta Lux ★★★★★ 7 years ago
    Mr. John T. Floyd represented me.I couldn't be happier with the outcome he managed to achieve on an VERY Important case that was dismissed the day of Trial. He is patient & … More very knowledgeable of the legal system. I HIGHLY recommend him to anyone in need of a lawyer!John, I am forever grateful & satisfied with the effort you put forth & all you did for me. Thank you isn't enough!God bless you & your family!
  • Avatar GM ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    The John T. Floyd Law Firm assisted me, and I can tell you that the attorney took the time to answer my questions, and I didn't feel rushed or dismissed as I have experienced in … More the past with attorneys. The attorney was very nice and extremely knowledgeable. Initial impressions and continued excellent customer service are big factors for me and as such I would highly recommend this firm.
  • Avatar Sandra Bivens ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    I thank you for your efforts to help Felons regain their Civil rights, and for the information on possession , I am A convicted Felon, no violent history. I am an expert shot, I am … More 76 yoa, and very concerned about the present lake of Security in our State and Country. God Bless and Prosper you in your efforts, Your friend, Sonny Bivens
  • Avatar Mike Kittelson ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    I really appreciated both Chris and John helping with my legal questions and concerns. Both are good guys and I would not hesitate to recommend them.
  • Avatar Robert Hair ★★★★★ 8 years ago
    Extremely helpful!!! Helping me understand the law.

John T. Floyd is Board Certified in Criminal Law By the Texas Board of Legal Specialization

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